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10. The new charter, whilst it curtailed the liberties, extended the territory of Massachusetts; to it were now annex ed New Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia, with all the country between the latter and the river St. Lawrence; also Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket. The people, however, had just reason to complain that they no longer chose their governor, under whose control was, the militia, and who levied taxes without their consent, and tried capital

offenses.

11. About this time the pillars of society were shaken to the foundation, in and about Salem, by imaginary witchcraft. The delusion commenced at Salem village, now Danvers, in the family of Rev. Samuel Paris. Two young girls, one a daughter of Mr. Paris, aged 9, the other a niece, aged 11, were affected with singular nervous disorders, which, as they baffled the skill of the physician, were thought to proceed from an "evil hand." The children were believed by the neighbors to be bewitched, and the belief, sanctioned by the opinion of the physician, became general throughout the vicinity.

12. The more the girls were noticed and pitied, the more singular and extravagant was their conduct. Upon the advice of the neighboring ministers, two or three private fasts were first kept; afterwards a public one in the village and other congregations; and finally, the general court appointed a fast through the colony. This course gave the occurrences a solemn aspect, and probably contributed to the public credulity, till the supposed witchcraft had extended throughout a great part of the county of Essex. The infatuation prevailed from March to October, 1692, during which time twenty persons, men and women, were executed. It was then that suspicion roused from its lethargy; condemnation ceased; the accusers were silent; those under sentence were reprieved, and afterwards pardoned.

13. In the years 1627, '38, '63, and '70, New England experienced violent earthquakes. In the year 1638, Harvard College, near Boston, the oldest seminary of learning in the United States, was founded. Four hundred pounds wer voted to it by the general court; and this sum was nearly doubled by a bequest from Mr. John Harvard, a minister of Charlestown. This institution is now the most richly endowed of all the American colleges.

14. Yale College, at New Haven, was founded in 1701, ten years after that of William and Mary, in Virginia; and Dartmouth College, in New Hampshire, was founded in 1769. The first printing press established in the British colonies

was in 1639, at Cambridge, superintended by Stephen Daye; but erected chiefly at the expense of Mr. Glover, an English clergyman, who died on his passage to America.

15. Maryland, the first colony that, from its beginning was directly governed as a province of the British empire, was founded by Sir George Calvert, baron of Baltimore in Ireland, a Roman Catholic nobleman, born in England. He first went to Virginia; but meeting an unwelcome reception there, on account of his religion, he fixed his attention to the ands north of the Potomac, and obtained a grant of them from Charles I. This country was called Maryland, in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria.

16. The religious toleration established by the charter, the first draft of which is said to have been written by Sir George himself, is honorable to his memory. The grant was given to his eldest son, Cecilius, who succeeded to his titles; but Leonard Calvert, brother to Cecilius, was the first governor and made the first stand, at an island in the Potomac, which he named St. Clements, in 1633. He made several purchases of the Indians, with whom he cultivated a constant friendship, as well on the Potomac as on both shores of the Chesapeake.

17. Never did any people enjoy more happiness than the inhabitants of Maryland. Whilst Virginia harrassed all who dissented from the English church, and the northern colonies all who dissented from the puritans, the Roman Catholics of Maryland, a sect who in the old world never professed the doctrine of toleration, received and protected their brethren of every christian church, and its population was rapidly increased.

18. About the middle of the seventeenth century, some emigrants, chiefly from Virginia, began a settlement in the county of Albemarle; and soon afterwards, another establishment was commenced at Cape Fear, by adventurers from Massachusetts. These were held together by the laws of nature without any written code, for some time. Bu Charles II. compelled the colonists to become subservient tc his rule, and granted to Lord Clarendon and others the tract of land which now composes North and South Carolina; per fect freedom in religion was granted in the charter.

19. The first settlement was placed under the command of Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, who assigned his authority to Mr. Drummond. In 1671, the proprietors extended their settlements to the banks of Ashley and Cooper rivers, where Charleston now stands; and eventually this became the separate state of South Caroline The cultur

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of cotton commenced here in 1700, and that of indigo in 1748.

QUESTIONS.

What led to the first settlement of Rhode Island and Providence plantations Who laid the foundation of Hartford, Springfield, and Weathersfield? When and by whom was New Hampshire first settled?

When did a systematic warfare commence between the English and Indians? What number of British subjects had settled in New England up to 16381 What instances of religious persecution took place in Massachusetts about the middle of the 17th century?

Where and what were the particulars of the Salem witchcraft?

When was Harvard college founded?

From whom did Maryland derive its name, and by whom was it first settled?

SECTION IV.

Settlement of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela ware, and Georgia.

1. NEW YORK was first settled by the Dutch, and was by them held for about half a century. It was however claimed by England as the first discoverer. Peter Stuyvesant, the third and last Dutch governor, began his administration in 1647 and was distinguished no less for his fidelity than his vigilance. In 1664 the colony surrendered to the English; and the whole territory now comprising New York, New Jersey, together with Pennsylvania, Delaware, and a part of Connecticut, was assigned by Charles II. to his brother the Duke of York. The Dutch inhabitants remained; Stuyvesant retained his estate, and died in the colony. The country was governed by the duke's officers until 1688; when representatives of the people were allowed a voice in the legislature.

2. In 1664, the Duke of York sold that part of his grant now called New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It had previously been settled by Hollanders, Swedes, and Danes. The county of Bergen was the first inhabited; and very soon the towns of Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury, were settled. The college originally established at Newark, was, in 1748, finally fixed at Princeton: its chief benefactor was Governor Belcher. Among the governors of New Jersey was the celebrated Barclay, author of the Apology for the Quakers, of which sect a large number had established themselves there.

3. Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, son of a distinguished admiral of the same name. From principle this excellent man joined the Quakers, then an obscure and persecuted sect. As one of the members, and a preacher, Penn was repeatedly imprisoned; but he pleaded his own cause with great boldness, and procured his own acquittal

from an independent jury, who with himself were imprisoned until an unjust penalty was paid.

4. In 1631, he purchased of Charles the tract now called Pennsylvania, for an acquittance of sixteen thousand pounds due to his father: and soon after, he obtained from the Duke of York a conveyance of the town of New Castle, with the country which now forms the state of Delaware. The first colony, which were chiefly of his own sect, began their settlement above the confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, In August, 1682, this amiable man embarked, with about two thousand emigrants, and in October, arrived in the Delaware.

5. Besides his own people, he was aided in the first settlement by Swedes, Dutch, Finlanders, and other English. The first legislative assembly was held at Chester, at that time called Upland. Among the first laws was one which declared "that none, acknowledging one God, and living peaceable in society, should be molested for his opinions or his practice; nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry whatever." Philadelphia was begun in 1683, and in 1699, it contained seven hundred houses, and about four thousand inhabitants.

6. During the first seventy years of this settlement, no instance occurred of the Indians killing unarmed people. The wise and good man, Penn, made every exertion and sacrifice to promote the peace and prosperity of his favorite colony; and between the persecution he had to encounter in England, and the difficulties in Pennsylvania, his life was a continued scene of vexation-his private fortune was materially injured by the advances he made-he was harrassed by his creditors, and obliged to undergo a temporary deprivation of his personal liberty.

7. He died in London, in 1718, leaving an inheritance tc his children ultimately of immense value, which they en joyed until the revolution, when it was assigned to the com monwealth for an equitable sum of money. In the interva between 1730 and the war of the revolution, in this state, there was a great influx of emigrants, principally from Germany and Ireland; and these people early brought the useful arts and manufactures into Pennsylvania. To the Germans she is indebted for the spinning and weaving o linen and woolen cloths; to the Irish, for various trades indispensable to useful agriculture.

8. Delaware was first settled in 1627, by the Swedes and Finlanders, and the colony bore the name of New Sweden. It was afterwards conquered by the Dutch from New York,

and remained subservient to that colony, until it passed into the hands of the English.

9. Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen colonies that evolted from Britain. It received its name from George II. n November, 1732, one hundred and sixteen persons embarked at Gravesend, under Oglethorpe; and early in the ensuing year arrived at Charleston. From this port they proceeded to their destined territory, and laid the foundation of Savannah.

10. The Spaniards laid claim to this territory, and made extensive preparations to attack it. But through the finesse of Oglethorpe, in practising an innocent deception, their plans were defeated. For many years, this settlement languished from a variety of causes. General Oglethorpe was distinguished as a soldier, a statesman, and a philanthropist. At the beginning of the American revolution, he was offered the command of the British army in America, but this from principle he declined. After the contest was decided, he died at the age of ninety-seven years, being the oldest general in the British service.

QUESTIONS.

By whom was New York first settled?
When was it surrendered to the English?

By whom, and under what circumstances, was Pennsylvania settled?
When, and by whom, was Georgia settled?

SECTION V.

War with France and conquest of Canada.

1. NEARLY Coeval with the first English settlement at James Town, in Virginia, was the establishment of a French colony at Quebec, on the great river St. Lawrence. The question of boundary between England and France, had long been a subject of unavailing negotiation. France, besides having Canada in the north, had also discovered and settled on the Mississippi in the south; and in 1753, she strove, by a military chain, the links of which were to be formed by outposts stretching along the Ohio and the lakes, to connect these two extremities, and thus restrain the British colonists to a small territory on the Atlantic ocean, if not entirely expel them from the country.

2. The question of jurisdiction remained to be decided by the sword. Repeated complaints of violence having come to the ears of the Governor of Virginia, he determined_to send a suitable person to the French commander at Fort Du Quesne, (now Pittsburgh,) demanding the reason of his hostile proceedings, and insisting that he should evacuate the fort which he had recently erected. For this arduous un

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