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mischief to society at large. Ridicule is not so powerful a weapon against tyranny as it is usually supposed to be. A nation accustomed to laugh at every thing is exactly that which a government may insult with the greatest impunity. At the time when Didot printed the Animali Parlanti, and when the military court of King Lion amused the Parisians, Buonaparte proclaimed himself consul for life. In the name of Liberty and Equality he surrounded himself with all the glare of monarchy, and he summoned round him those prætorian bands which were soon to be transformed into the imperial guard.

Casti's poem is an Æsopian fable spun out into three volumes. In a short apologue, the fiction which gives speech and reason to animals is accompanied by a sort of propriety and probability; they are made to express themselves conformably to their nature and their habits. The contrast between the practical wisdom of animals and human folly is impressive; we feel that the example. may be applied to us: our curiosity is roused by the allegory, and our reason is satisfied when we discover the truth which it veils. The charms of the apologue appear to arise from these causes, but if they do not act simultaneously, rapidly and gracefully, the pleasure is lost.

Friend Bee, exclaimed a Fly, pray tell
The means you use to look so well?
With a mere scanty summer fare
You're fat and sleek throughout the year,
Whilst we, who eat much more than you,
Can never live the winter through.
We Bees, replied the other, eat

The sweetest, most delicious meat,

Whilst you, and all the race of Flies,
Will feast on every dog that dies.

Whatever moral may be appended to our little fable, it has the characteristics which are indispensable in this species of composition. In the poem of Casti the character of the fable is exactly the contrary. The animals do not occupy themselves according to their real habits; they are introduced as actors in political scenes, and placed in situations for which nature never intended them. They debate about laws with which they have nothing to do, and they prate about the pope and the mufti, although they do not want any one to take care of their souls. The fiction is destitute of probability. King Lion is a despot; Queen Lioness is no better than she should be, and betrays her husband into the bargain. Cub- Lion is a stupid crown prince;' the Dog preaches democracy, and sells himself to the ministry; Jack Ass becomes prime minister, and so on. After we have made out

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this fine-drawn allegory the spirit of the poem flags. It could only have been sustained by inducing us to take an interest in the actions of the personages; but their actions can excite none: they are mere abstract ideas, merely the generalizations of the characters of despots, and ministers, and courtiers. The events of the time gave a literary importance to the poem, which it lost when those events lost their novelty. Every body endeavoured to recognize a leading personage of the day in the disguise of some one brute or another. Occasionally right guesses were made. But the allusions of Casti begin even now to become enigmatical. In the course of half a century no creature will be able to expound them without the help of a commentary; and the commentators, as usual, will work to no purpose, because many of the characters are persons whom history will forget; and those whose actions deserve the notice of posterity will certainly not be judged according to the malignant caricatures of the satirist.

At the time of the publication of the Animali Parlanti, Buonaparte had put an end to the revolutionary struggles between parties and factions, but he had not silenced them. They busied themselves in disputing whether Buonaparte was bound to maintain the republic, or whether he had the right of re-establishing the monarchy. Casti kept clear of all subtle reasoning. In politics the war of words has three stages which succeed each other at short intervals. At the outset of a revolution, disputes increase its fury, and they are too serious to admit of pleasantry: but when one faction has gained the victory, the conquered continue skirmishing in print, and the conquerors laugh at their arguments and lamentations. Thus Butler ridiculed the presbyterians and the independents when the civil wars had ceased; and Casti, whether by chance or by design, profited, in like manner, by the interval of peace. Lastly, the generation which has beheld a revolution, drops off; the political disputes and arguments which agitated the combatants are buried in their graves; and the fame of political or party poetry will then depend upon its intrinsic worth.

Casti bantered all parties alike; and this boldness contributed greatly to the success of the poem. When Buonaparte became an emperor he suppressed the French translation, and prohibited the reprinting of the original in Italy; this coup de police' reminded the people of the existence of a satire which they had almost forgotten.

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The poetry of Casti is poor and spiritless; he never paints, he describes. We shall hereafter explain the meaning which we affix to these words. He treats upon his subject, and it seldom happens that a sentence of his rhymed dissertations remains fixed in the memory of the reader. His jokes are destitute of urbanity,

his expressions of propriety, and there is no variety of harmony in his verse. He employed the sesta rima, a system of versification which, not being as short, or linked as closely as the terza rima of Dante, conveys the ideas of the poet with less energy. The ottava rima, the stanza of Ariosto, seems less monotonous because its cadences recur at longer intervals; and its length assists the development of poetical imagery. No one but Casti ever adopted the sesta rima in a long poem. It is an easy measure, agreeing with the garrulity of old age, and well adapted to one who wishes to gossip in verse, and whose enfeebled faculties cannot sustain much mental labour. Casti drawls, and he attempts to gain the semblance of vigour by the help of points and epigrams: but he resembles a withered beauty who flirts in the dance, exciting sensations which are at once ludicrous and mournful.

Mr. Rose speaks too modestly, we might almost say that he misleads his readers, in producing his 'Court of Beasts' as a translation from the Animali Parlanti. In his introduction he apologizes for the liberties which he has taken. I have let go,' he says,

'my author's skirt

Whenever he has plunged through filth and dirt.'

And he has condensed the twenty thousand lines of his original in seven hundred English verses. Mr. Rose is too well acquainted with the classical authors of Italy not to despise the coarseness with which Casti burlesqued Æsop: but we regret that Mr. Rose has followed the measure of Casti instead of employing the stanza of the older poets. However, he has purified his satire. He has omitted whatever might offend delicacy, in rejecting the gallantries of the Lion court, and whatever is or might be considered as a satire on a subject on which the public has a right to be jealous.' We do not know whether he has introduced any political anecdotes; but he never adopts the principles of any party in politics, though he often amuses himself at the expense of party-men. The eloquence of the Mob of Beasts is copied from real life.

'The Tyger first was put in nomination:

His tail, pied coat, the lightning of his pat,
But for the Dog's insidious intimation,
Had told. "But he-he's after all a cat,
A better breed of cat." Here lay the sting,
For who is there would choose a cat for king?
A mountain democrat propos'd the Bear:
On this the Dog: "I honour his long pole;
I own him first jack-pudding of the fair;
A rogue in spirit, while he plays the droll.
But shall we choose a king, to make us laugh,
And change the sceptre for the ragged staff?"

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To him the Bear: "Who better plays his part
On this wide stage, it matters not two grains,
I a buffoon by nature, you by art,

At least you will not fail for want of pains.”
Although the assembly laugh at Bruin's sally,
The barren jest procured him not a tally.

The previous sarcasm on the Bear's unfitness
Laid the foundation of eternal hate.

Though Hockley is no more, you still may witness
Th' effect in sore and sanguinary bait.—

The Bull was next expos'd to nomination,
With many more brute beasts of straw and lath,
Successively rejected in rotation;

And last the Mule, oh! tell it not in Gath!
Put up the Ass 'mid laughing, scraping, fleering,
But he was hooted off on half a hearing.

My Ass, console thyself; the time is coming,
When thou, blest beast, like Dog shalt have thy day;
When kings, thy grave and modest merits summing,
Council and court shall echo to thy bray,

And puissant peers thy proud pretensions own,
And thou be held best bulwark of the throne.'

His allusions to the foibles of individuals are poignant without being ill-tempered. In complaining of the frivolousness of society, and the ennui of a town life, he makes us smile at the vacant indolence of a lounging man of letters. If the cap fits any one of our friends in particular, they must take their share of the verse without being angry at the Poet, for we may be quite sure that he has not spared himself.

'Or if foul fiends and phantoms will intrude
With reason, or upon perverse pretences,
And I must pass a melancholy mood,
Through all its vast varieties of tenses,
It is some consolation, when they work ill,
To pin my devils in their own small circle.
But this I see is clear, and glad return

To thee, gay Gundimore, thy flowers and fountain,
Statue, relief, or cinerary urn.

It seems as if thy genius took a mountain
From off my breast, I feel repriev'd from death,
I move more lightly, breathe with other breath.
Blest spot! within thy walls I never hear
-'s, with lady

That Mr.

a sinner:

Nor what Sir What d'ye call him? has a year.
I never sit ten minutes after dinner.

Nor when digestion has her hands full, piece
A half concocted meal with tea and grease.

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No common jokes I heed, or friends who bring 'em,
Such as, I have not room to swing a cat ;

I recollect I never want to swing 'em,
And then the poison'd dart falls blunt and flat.
The worst I do by them, as stories

say,

Is give them pepper on a rainy day."

I shun whatever causes bile or vapours,
Upon one level runs my lazy life;

I hear not of the stocks, nor read the papers,

And vote ambition but a name for strife.

Yet rise one point above mere passive pleasure;
For there I mooncalf, mooncalf without measure.
"But what is mooncalf?" a strange voice may cry.
I answer, mooncalf's easy contemplation,
Or vacant action: lose no time, but try;
You'll find it a delightful recreation.
But definition, though precise and ample,
Is dark without the daylight of example.

Berni illustrates it in choicest measure;
He tells you he was box'd up with a parcel
Of lords and ladies, and some fays of pleasure,
In what may be entitled Lazy Castle.
All guests an amorous fairy ran to earth,
And bagg'd, to make her prison'd gallant mirth.
While these their time in feasts and fooling fleeted,
He (for all had their will) bade make a bed,
Spacious and comfortable, and well sheeted,
A table by its side; and thus he fed,
And slept, by turns. Another was possess'd
By a congenial and well-natured guest.

Nor lack'd they matter for their waking dreams :.
One pleasure was to lie upon their back,

To lie at gaze, and count the ceiling beams,
And mark in which was nail-hole, flaw, or crack;
And which worm-eaten were, and which were sound,
And if the total sum was odd or round.

Then, when they had for somewhile slept and eat,
The one perhaps would stretch himself, and say,
"D'ye hear those fools above? they're needs well met;
I mean those rogues and trulls who dance the hay."
The other then would cease awhile to chew,

Yawn down his soup, and say " I-th... ink-so too."t

Administered in sandwiches with a small bonus of beef, it produces a slight gal vanic effect.

Those who desire to see what use Mr. Rose has made of the autographic portrait of Berni may consult the Orlando Innamorato (lib. 3. cant. 7. st. 35, &c.) and the Life of Leo X. (vol. iii.) where it has been quoted by Mr. Roscoe, whose observations are extremely judicious.

But

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