or the Electron. M. Adelung admits of five primitive and distinct races in Europe: the Iberians, the Celts, the Germans, the Thracians, the Finni and the Sclavi. The first section of his work, which is full of erudition, gives the history of the Teutones previous to the account given by Pytheas of Marseilles; a research which no person had hitherto attempted with success, particularly with respect to the period which preceded the expedition of the Cimbri and Teutones. There can be nothing more important, with respect to the antiquity of our modern languages, than the inquiries of M. Adelung. He rejects as fabulous the personage called Teut, said to have been the father of the Teutonic nation': the word, according to him, merely signifies people, or troop.

2. M. Adelung has neglected to enumerate in his work a very important little work, which appeared at Lunden in 1804. It is intitled, "De origine linguæ Gothica." The German is there compared with the Persian, not only with respect to the vocabulary, but even so far as regards the grammar of the two languages. The author is M. Norberg, and the same learned Orientalist and Professor in the University of Lunden, who published in 1787 the famous" Codex Syriaco-hexaplaris."

3. "Commentatio quâ trinarum linguarum Vasconum, Belgarum et Celtarum, quarum reliquiæ in linguis Vasconicâ, Cymry, et Gælic supersunt, discrimen et diversa cujusque indoles docetur; auctore G. A. F. Goldmann;" Gottingen, 1808, pp. 64. in quarto. The above is the memoir which obtained the prize on the interesting question announced in the title-page proposed in 1806, by the faculty of Philosophy in the University of Gottingen.

4. «Essay towards a History of the Art of Writing, by M. Weber, Dean of Wittenden," 1807, Gottingen; 1 vol. 8vo.This treatise is worthy of perusal: the author has however inadvertently thrown much obscurity into his plan by confounding the mechanical art of writing with the origin of literary composition, or rather by wishing to treat of both these subjects at once in his book.

5. The learned on the Continent are in anxious expectation of an important work on the Bibliography of the Science of Languages, and of which Paleography will form a principal division: it has been announced by M. de Murr, who is already well known for his philological researches, and will appear under the following title : "Conspectus Bibliothecæ glotica universalis propediem edendæ, operis quinquaginta annorum."

ARCHEOLOGY AND MYTHOLOGY. The genius of the German scholars has attached them in a peculiar manner to archæological researches. It was Winckel

man who had the honor to open new paths to this branch of study, and since his time the German school has outstripped its contemporaries in this respect. To enable our readers to form an opinion of the influence which this illustrious antiquary had exercised over the moderns, we must refer them to the work of the not less celebrated M. Goethe, intitled "Winckelman and his Era;" Tubingen, 1805.

Mythology seems to be the focus at which the rays of light meet, which have been furnished by the various philological and archæological sciences, by the critiques of the new schools and by the inquiries of historians. Several among the literati of Germany have recently made some valuable mythological discoveries, and their labors have been directed to two principal points the one is the Oriental origin of a great part of the Grecian antiquities and the connexion of the Grecian Mythology with that of Egypt and the East; the other point is, the various relations between these antiquities and the mysteries.

NOTICES.

1. The continuation of the "Mythological Lexicon," published at Weimar by Messrs. Bottiger and Mayer, is anxiously expected by all the friends of science. The former, whose learning and talent are well known throughout Europe, treats of Classical Mythology, i. e. that of the Greeks and Romans. M. Mayer has undertaken the subsequent part which treats of the Mythology of the Eastern nations, including Egypt, Hither Asia, India, Thibet and China; that of the Northern nations, and finally, of those of Africa and America. M. Mayer has only published two volumes as yet, which comprise the half of his intended labors. The article relative to the religion of the Bramins is particularly well written.

2. M. Herman is one of the disciples of M. Heyne, who has contributed most towards diffusing and rendering popular the sound and enlightened views of his great master. Towards the end of the last century, he gave us a very excellent "Manual of Mythology" in three volumes; and he published in 1808, in two volumes, a Mythology of the Greeks, with a Geographical and Historical Introduction."

3. A school, which is only in its infancy, but which nevertheless is full of vigor, is that which may be called the School of Heidelberg, because M. Creutzer, who is Professor in that University, may be regarded as its father. The last article of our present sketch will contain an account of some pieces, in which Mr. Creutzer has opened a new field and given a new interest to the most profound mythological, researches. He now announces an approaching publication with the title of "Ideas on the

Symbols, Mythæ and Philosophemes of the Greek Antiquity;" 1 vol. 8vo.

Darmstadt.

4. We shall here give the titles of three works, which, although very different in their processes, tend too visibly to the same object, to intitle us to separate them from the rest.

1. Philosophy of the History of the Litere Humaniores, by I. Stutzman, Nuremberg, 1808. 1 vol. 8vo.

2. Ideas for a General Mythology of the Old World, by M. Wagner, Professor at Wurtzburg. Frankfort, 1808. 1 vol.

8vo..

3. First Charts of History or General Mythology, by M. Kaune, Bayreuth, 1808. 1 vol. 8vo.

If the present was an era of tranquillity on the Continent, the above works would excite a lively sensation. The works of Messrs. Stutzman and Wagner are filled with historical conjectures-that of M. Kaune, consists of Philological and Etymological Inquiries. The late Mr. Herder had already attempted the same subject in his work, intitled "The most ancient Chart of the Human Race," and had attained the same results as to the most ancient fables and religious traditions of the East; but he pursued a different track, namely, that of the affinity of symbols, which finally led him to ascertain the existence of an aboriginal race of men.

5. Dr. Munter, Bishop of Seelande, lately sent to the Royal Society of Prague, of which he is a member, a learned dissertation "On the Religious Ideas which proceeded from the Egyptians, and of which traces are still to be found in Sicily and the adjacent islands." Dr. Munter has travelled much, and has laid various branches of science under great obligations by his learned researches.

6. The Grecian Antiquities of Lambert Bos, an edition of which had been given by Leisner with his observations, had become very rare. M. Zeune, of Leipsic, published a new edition in 1807, revised and augmented.

7. The late M. Nitsch had published in German a valuable description" Of the domestic, religious, social, political, military, and scientific life of the Greeks and Romans in various ages and states." Several literati on the Continent have lately given a new edition of these learned dissertations, with corrections and additions. M. Nitsch confined himself to one volume, but the present publication has been extended to four. Both editions were printed at Erfurt; the latter in 1806.

8. We are indebted to M. Ideler, of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, for some very interesting "Historical Researches on the Astronomical Observations of the Ancients;" Berlin, 1806. 1 vol. 8vo. This author discusses and compares the various

chronological systems of the ancients, devoting his attention in a particular manner to the Almagesta of Ptolemy. He brings under review the modes of computation in use among the Egyptians, Greeks, Chaldæans and other nations. At the end of this work there is a learned dissertation, by Professor Buttman, on the plan which the two months of Pyanepsion and Mæmokterion occupied in the Greek calendar.

9. In a volume of Observations, written in Latin, which M. Gesenius published in 1806, at Altona, there are two pieces which deserve the particular attention of the friends of antiquity: I. "De ortibus et occasibus siderum in Ovidio notatis; deque fastis sideralibus Græcorum et Romanorum. II. De quibusdam veteris Italiæ numinibus et ideis religiosis."

10. M. Koepke, teacher in the Gymnasium of Berlin, who has been long known as an able Philologist, (and who is also one of the editors of the above cited work on the Manners of the Greeks and Romans, by M. Nitsch) published at Berlin, in 1807, a valuable book "On the Tactics of the Greeks in the heroic ages, and on some other analogous subjects."

11. The "Sabina" of M. Boetiger, which exhibits a picture of the private life of the Roman ladies, has gone through a second edition. The same learned and ingenious author has since published "General Views of Archæology, and of the History of the Plastic Art among the Greeks." This volume, published at Dresden in 1806, is a prelude to a series of Archaological Lectures, which may be expected from the same pen.

12. M. Beck has published an "Introductio in historiam artis et monumentorum atque operum antiq. populorum veterum, imprim. Græcorum et Romanorum," Leipsic, 1808.

13. A slight account drawn up by Winckelman has all the information which we possessed on the subject of the celebrated collection of engraved stones belonging to Baron Stosch. A few select subjects, drawn upon a large scale, were published in 1792, in a quarto volume, by M. Frauenhobz, of Nuremberg. In 1806, the same gentleman commenced the publication of the whole collection with the gems drawn of the natural size. Winckelman's original descriptions are enriched by notes from the pen of M. Sclichtgeroll, Secretary to the Academy of Sciences of Bavaria. These notes contain all the new discoveries in the Arts and Archæology since the days of Winckelman.

14. The admirers of the fine Arts expect with impatience the publication of the future numbers of M. Becker's elegant work intitled, "Augusteum, or Collection of the Ancient Monuments of the Museum of Dresden." Three parts only have been as yet published, containing 34 superb folio plates.

15. M. Levetzow, the learned Professor of Antiquities in the Academy of Arts at Berlin, to whom we are already indebted for an interesting work on the ancient Diomedes, has published another estimable work with the following title; "De Juvenis adorantis signo ex ære antiquo, hactenus in Regiâ Berolinensi, nunc autem Lutetiæ Parisiorum conspicuo;" Berlin 1808. cum tab. æneâ. In November 1807, M. Levetzon sent to the Royal Society of Gottingen, a very learned memoir on the question, "Whether the Venus de Medicis is a copy of the Cnidian Venus of Praxiteles?" He decides in the negative. The last and most important work of M. Levetzow, which appeared in 1808, with twelve engravings, is his "Ancient Representations of the Antinous." The author arranges them in three classes: those which have only the simple character of a portrait; those which are ideal and heroic; and finally, those in which Antinous is decorated with divine 'attributes. This work is full of new observations and inquiries.

16. An Essay not less interesting, which also appeared in 1808, in the same form with that of M. Levetzow, is that of M. Lentz, whose name is well known as an Archæologist. His work is intitled, "On the Goddess of Paphos as represented on. ancient monuments and on the Baphomet." The sometimes conical-and sometimes spherical form of the ancient fetiches of Paphos, and that of the temple consecrated to this Divinity, are explained in the course of the work. As to the Baphomet of the Templars, who resided a long time in Cyprus, the author, hazards an ingenious explanation, He deduces the name of this mysterious idol from meta (for the images of the Geddess had gradually become Hermes, inverted conical or pyramidical landmarks, metæ) from which came Paphometa, Baphomet, whose worship in this case will signify the worship of Venus; an idea which from its plausibility deserves the attention of Archæo logists.

17. In the Royal Museum of Copenhagen, there were formerly two gold horns of ancient workmanship, one of which was found in 1699, and the other in 1734, in the Duchy of Sleswick. Modern Archeologists had not taken much notice of them, but the circumstance of their having been stolen in 1802, again called their attention to the subject. In 1804, the Copenhagen Academy proposed them as the subject of a prize dissertation, and the successful memoir was written by M, Muller, the Professor of Theology in the University of Copenhagen. This work was afterwards translated from the Danish into German, by M, Abramson, and published in a quarto volume with five plates. The author proves that these horns are of Celtiberian origin